‏This course provides students with a general overview of the fundamentals of the Arabic language, focusing on spelling, grammar, and morphology. It aims to equip students with the skills necessary for academic and professional writing, while introducing selected examples of Arabic poetry from the pre-Islamic, Islamic, Umayyad, Abbasid, and modern periods, including free verse poetry.

‏This course provides students with the essential fundamentals of the English language, focusing on developing pronunciation and speaking skills to support academic and professional writing. Topics include demonstrative, quantifying, and interrogative determiners, nouns and their types, pronouns, adjectives and their order, subject-verb agreement, transitive and intransitive verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, as well as reading comprehension and writing skills.

Introduction to sets and operations, solving algebraic expressions and equations, relations and Cartesian product, intervals and graphical representation, inequalities, functions and types, function composition, odd and even functions, inverse functions, limits and continuity, derivatives and differentiation, practical applications in graphing functions.

Introduction to operating systems (Windows), file and folder management, word processing (Microsoft Word), presentations (PowerPoint), spreadsheets (Excel) including formulas, functions, and charts, Internet and email, Internet terminology, search engines, creating and receiving emails.

Basic concepts of probability, random variables, expectation and variance, discrete and continuous probability distributions, normal distribution, t-distribution, chi-square, sampling theory, hypothesis testing, correlation and regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression equation.

‏This course aims to develop students’ proficiency in Standard Arabic and equip them with the skills necessary for academic and professional writing. It covers advanced grammar topics, including subject and predicate, object of cause, object with, adverbs, interrogative structures, and demonstrative pronouns. The course also introduces students to Andalusian and modern Arabic poetry, while exploring rhetorical devices such as metaphor, simile, and metonymy.

‏This course aims to enhance students’ English skills following English Language 1. It focuses on developing reading and writing skills, expanding vocabulary, understanding dictionary entries, and covering grammar aspects such as tenses, articles, ability, permission, and necessity. Students will also practice making requests, suggestions, offers, and invitations in English.

Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions and their derivatives, indefinite integration and its rules, definite integration: the fundamental theorem of calculus, integration of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions, integration techniques (substitution, by parts, trigonometric substitutions, partial fractions), applications of integration in areas, surfaces, volumes of revolution, curve lengths, L’Hôpital’s rule, and the mean value theorem.

Plant cell, plant tissues, morphology of flowering plants, internal structure of plant organs, seeds and germination, water relations, classification of plant kingdom.

Introduction to zoology and its relation to other sciences, classification of kingdoms, manifestations of life, important historical discoveries, cell organelles and functions, cellular transport, cell cycle and mitosis/meiosis, cellular metabolism, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, histology (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous tissues), embryology and reproduction, genetics (Mendelian laws), and laboratory safety procedures.

Introduction to chemistry, scientific method, measurement units, chemical calculations, molecular weights and formulas, percent composition, balancing chemical equations, molarity, atomic structure and periodic table, electromagnetic radiation and atomic spectra, quantum numbers, electron configurations, chemical bonding, compound nomenclature, and VSEPR theory.

General introduction to invertebrates, their classification, evolutionary position, and study of primary phyla such as flagellates, compound-celled protozoa, ciliates, microsporozoa, sponges, coelenterates, ctenophores, flatworms, nemerteans, nematodes, ciliary forms, and proboscis-bearing groups, focusing on general traits, classification, and ecological patterns.

Historical introduction to cell theory, cell properties, chemical composition, biological membranes, cellular organelles, inclusion bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, cellular extensions, and cell communication mechanisms, with detailed study of physiological functions for each component.

Introduction to ecology, definitions and fields of ecology, historical background, principles and components of ecosystems, types of ecosystems, ecological balance and disturbances, energy flow and productivity, biogeochemical cycles, population ecology, population size, birth/death/migration rates, population density, carrying capacity, spatial distribution, age structure, community ecology, and biological interactions (mutualism, competition, parasitism, predation).

Study of microbiology, characteristics of cellular and acellular organisms, microbial classification, sources and significance, diversity of microbial lifestyles, bacterial cell structure, shapes and sizes, reproduction and growth, and factors affecting bacterial growth.

General introduction to comparative anatomy of vertebrates, comparative study of various body systems (skin, skeletal, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, nervous, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, muscular), emphasizing similarities and differences among vertebrates and the functions of each system.

Importance of organic chemistry, hydrocarbons and their isomers, nomenclature of organic compounds, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon and halogen derivatives, oxygen-containing compounds, amines, and polymers.

Introduction to higher invertebrates and the phyla to which they belong, with detailed theoretical and practical study of annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms. Topics include general characteristics, morphology, habitat, behavior, reproduction, and classification, emphasizing both practical and theoretical learning for each group.

Bacterial cell physiology, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, genetic structure, types of mutations, physical and chemical factors affecting bacterial growth, antibiotics and their mechanisms of action, bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and food microbiology and microbial spoilage.

Introduction to parasitology and types of symbiotic relationships, study of protozoa and their diseases (e.g., amoebas), flagellates and ciliates, muscle cysts, pathogenic parasites in humans such as malaria, life cycles, pathogenic effects, transmission, and control methods.

General introduction to genetics, study of Mendelian inheritance (first and second laws), multiple alleles, dominance, sex-linked inheritance, and genetic probabilities. Focus on fundamental laws of heredity and mechanisms of trait transmission across generations.

Introduction to animal ecology, interspecific relationships, habitats of desert, terrestrial, and aquatic animals, adaptation types, insect habitats, amphibian regions, climatic factors affecting animals, environmental pollution, and impacts of human development on habitats.

Introduction to qualitative and quantitative analytical chemistry, methods to express substance amount and solution concentration, ionization of water, acids and bases, acid-base titrations and curves, redox reactions, precipitation and complexometric titrations, gravimetric analysis.

Study of insects’ position in the animal kingdom, their benefits and harms, general body structure, external anatomy (head, mouthparts, thorax, legs, wings), abdomen and appendages, internal anatomy, growth and metamorphosis, and incomplete life stages, focusing on the physiological functions of each system.

Introduction to parasitology, study of parasitic worms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda, Nematoda), general and diagnostic characteristics, life cycles, transmitted diseases, laboratory and serological diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Includes blood flukes, intestinal and liver flukes, hookworms, filarial worms, beef and pork tapeworms, and associated diseases.

Introduction to histology and methods of tissue study, covering cell structure and division, epithelial tissues, connective tissues (cells, fibers, extracellular matrix), cartilage and bone, muscular tissues (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), nervous tissues and synapses, and the circulatory system including the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatic vessels.

Evolution of life and theory of evolution, geological time scale, different eras, emergence and evolution of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, natural history of species, extinctions, and biodiversity changes over eras.

General introduction to molecular biology, study of genetic material (DNA) and its replication, genes, RNA, genetic code, protein synthesis, gene expression, and DNA repair mechanisms. Emphasis on fundamental molecular processes controlling heredity and cellular regulation.

General concepts of biochemistry, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein chemistry, biochemical reactions, hormones, blood biochemistry, metabolism of lipids and proteins.

Introduction to insect taxonomy, historical background, classification terminology, taxonomic ranks, scientific naming, and identification keys. Detailed study of wingless insects and their major orders, as well as winged insects, including external winged orders and internal winged orders with their key classifications.

Introduction to embryology, historical background, reproduction and its types, structure of male and female reproductive systems, reproductive hormones and the sexual cycle, gametogenesis, fertilization and sex determination, cleavage and its types, development of chicken and human embryos.

Introduction to physiology and its fields, historical background, study of the cell and material transport across the plasma membrane, study of the respiratory, muscular, lymphatic, circulatory, and excretory systems, emphasizing structure and main functions of each system.

Study of the microscopic structure of body organs: digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system, skin, lymphatic system, endocrine glands, eye, and ear. Focus on tissue structure and functions, including associated glands and systems related to physiological functions.

Bioenergetics and its role in metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism (digestion, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain), lipid metabolism (fatty acid oxidation, lipid synthesis), protein metabolism (amino acids, urea cycle, protein biosynthesis), nucleic acids (synthesis and degradation, metabolic disorders).

Introduction to knowledge and science, definitions and concepts of scientific research, data collection methods and tools, historical, descriptive, and experimental research methods, research design, writing the introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and abstract, and referencing techniques.

General introduction to immunology, study of innate and acquired immunity, humoral immunity (antigens and antibodies), cellular kinetics (cytokines), the complement system, immune regulation and response, immune system disorders, and applications of immunology in medical and biological fields.

Study of medical entomology and the impact of insects and arthropods on human and animal health. Focus on medically important mouthparts and key insect orders such as cockroaches, lice, fleas, sand flies, black flies, and mosquitoes, including life cycles, behavior, transmitted diseases, and control methods.

Introduction to experimental embryology, main stages of embryogenesis in animals, fertilization techniques, egg activation, fate mapping, regeneration, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, embryo collection, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and experimental equipment and techniques.

History of medical microbiology, theories of spontaneous generation and germ theory, study of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, classification, diseases caused, severity, epidemiology, methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Study of nutrition and energy, metabolic rate and its calculation, gastrointestinal physiology including digestion in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and bile secretion. Examination of the central nervous system, sensory receptors, eye and ear functions. Physiology of the female and male reproductive systems, hormones involved in the menstrual cycle and spermatogenesis, and the functions of accessory reproductive glands.

Concept of medical genetics, study of genes at the molecular level, Human Genome Project, chromosomes, Mendelian and polygenic inheritance, prenatal and postnatal genetic disease detection, human inheritance, pedigree analysis, sex-linked traits, dominant and recessive genetic disorders, gene therapy and modern techniques, and applications for treating chronic and hereditary diseases.

An introduction to endocrinology, focusing on hormones, their classification, mechanisms of action, and the relationship between the endocrine system and the central nervous system. Study of major endocrine glands: hypothalamus, pituitary gland (structure and functions of anterior and intermediate lobe hormones), thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (cortical and medullary hormones), pineal gland, digestive system, pancreas, and the male and female reproductive systems, with emphasis on normal functions and disorders caused by hormone deficiencies or excesses.

Study of toxicology, concepts and definitions, poisoning and its severity, dose-response relationships, factors affecting toxicity, toxicokinetics, fate of toxins in the body, study of chemical and natural toxicants causing physiological and morphological changes, sources and types of poisoning, treatment of poisoning, and theoretical study of toxin production.

General introduction to marine biology, study of the marine ecosystem, physical and chemical factors affecting it, marine environment divisions, marine biodiversity, behavior of marine organisms, marine protected areas, human activities in the marine environment, and aquaculture, with a focus on aquaculture in Libya.

History of virology, virus structure and composition, principles of nomenclature and classification, viral replication and pathogenesis, study of viruses causing respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic diseases, HIV, sexually transmitted viruses, and viruses associated with cancers.

Concept of biotechnology and its branches, applications, historical development, microbial biotechnology, genetic engineering and gene vectors, DNA extraction and purification, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning, tissue culture, gene therapy, and biotechnology applications in reproductive problems.

The student studies a specific problem in one of the zoology specialties under a supervisor, submits a final report, and is examined by a departmental committee, with approval from the project coordinator; the project is conducted in the final semester of undergraduate study.