Abstract:

Germplasm (Oocyte and embryo) and ovarian tissue cryopreservation have become routine procedure in human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Human oocyte and embryo cryopreservation field has been much progress during its fourth decade history. Two basic strategies have ruled the mammalian germplasm cryopreservation field: the traditional slow freezing technique also referred as conventional slow freezing or controlled slow freezing which started in the 1970s, and followed by vitrification technique developed in the late 1980s, In the slow freezing protocol, the embryo is placed in a hypertonic solution and slowly cooled using a programmable freezer to sub-zero temperatures, and then plunged into liquid nitrogen, whereas vitrification technique can be performed by using high cooling rates and high concentration of cryoprotectants. In recent years vitrification technique is a common method for cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos in comparable to slow freezing method. Vitrification appears to be associated with a significantly higher post-thawing survival rate, higher implantation rate and more pregnancies than slow freezing. Vitrification protocol simplifies the cryopreservation process without physical damage to embryos and oocytes and decreases the chilling injuries of germplasm as it passes through a very low temperature very rapidly. Although germplasm cryopreservation has decreased the number of fresh embryo transfers and maximized the effectiveness of the in vitro fertilization cycle, further prospective trials are necessary to confirm that vitrification is a superior technique to slow freezing method. The purpose of the present mini-review is to highlight oocyte and embryo cryopreservation technique in general, with comparing the different laboratory methods in particular slow freezing (vs) vitrification and successful implantation after transfer. 

ABSTRACT

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Diabetes in elderly females.

Oxidative stress is regarded as a main causal factor for natural ageing. This study tested

the hypothesis that healthy elderly people show higher oxidative DNA damage levels and

lower antioxidative enzymatic defense capacities. In type II diabetic patients, persistence

of hyperglycemia is one of the causes of increased in oxygen free radicals. This increase

oxidative stress and makes the life threatening cardiovascular complications. Blood

samples were drawn from selective 100 elderly females (with and without diabetes). In

elderly females having menopause, there occur hypercholesterolemia,

hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperlipoproteinemia, these on the body, escort an increase in

free radicals, with mounting oxidative stress. In diabetes the body suffers with a poor or

negligible glycemic control. All diabetic post menopausal females with CVD have been

reported a significant high levels of Fasting Blood Sugar, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides,

LDL-C, VLDL-C, CAT, NT-proBNP and MDA and significantly lower levels of HDL-C, GPx,

SOD as compared to control subjects. In type-II diabetes mellitus elderly female patients

during the postmenopause, the probability of secondary complications of cardiovascular

diseases increases.

Abstract

Reproductive tracts were collected from 870 ewes slaughtered at an abattoir in County Dublin over a 9-mo period from September 1993 to June 1994. Ovarian activity was evident in 59.3% of the tracts examined. The mean ovulation rate was 1.26 ± 0.045 (mean ± SEM). The spatial relationship between corpora lutea (CL) and dominant follicles was established. Ten percent of the ewes examined were pregnant. Embryonic transuterine migration was observed in 12% of the single ovulating ewes and in all ewes pregnant with twins which had double ovulations on one ovary. Based on the observation of tracts with contemporaneous double ovulations and a single fetus, the prevalence of embryonic loss was 17.2%. Overall, 9.4% of the tracts showed evidence of pathological change, and 5.5% of the tracts had abnormalities likely to impair fertility.